生物脫硫，又稱微生物脫硫，是利用微生物的新陳代謝活動，將含硫化合物中的硫元素轉化為無害或易于去除的形式，從而實現脫硫的過程。

Biological desulfurization, also known as microbial desulfurization, is the process of utilizing the metabolic activity of microorganisms to convert sulfur elements in sulfur-containing compounds into harmless or easily removable forms, thereby achieving desulfurization.

基本原理

Basic principles

無機硫的脫除原理：對于無機硫，如黃鐵礦硫（FeS），常見的是氧化亞鐵硫桿菌等微生物起作用。微生物首先將 FeS?中的二價鐵離子氧化為三價鐵離子，同時將硫離子氧化為硫酸根離子。三價鐵離子又可以進一步氧化黃鐵礦中的硫，自身被還原為二價鐵離子，如此循環，使黃鐵礦不斷被氧化分解，達到脫硫的目的。

The principle of inorganic sulfur removal: For inorganic sulfur, such as pyrite sulfur (FeS), microorganisms such as ferrous sulfide oxidizing bacteria are commonly used. Did microorganisms first remove FeS? The divalent iron ions are oxidized to trivalent iron ions, while the sulfur ions are oxidized to sulfate ions. Trivalent iron ions can further oxidize sulfur in pyrite, reducing itself to divalent iron ions. This cycle continuously oxidizes and decomposes pyrite, achieving the goal of desulfurization.

有機硫的脫除原理：對于有機硫，微生物通過特定的酶系統，如脫硫酶等，作用于含硫的有機化合物。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）為例，一些微生物可以通過 “4S” 途徑，即硫的氧化、水解、再氧化等步驟，將 DBT 中的硫原子逐步轉化為硫酸根離子，而有機碳骨架則被微生物利用或轉化為其他無害的有機物質，從而實現有機硫的脫除。

The principle of organic sulfur removal: For organic sulfur, microorganisms act on sulfur-containing organic compounds through specific enzyme systems, such as desulfurizers. Taking dibenzothiophene (DBT) as an example, some microorganisms can gradually convert the sulfur atoms in DBT into sulfate ions through the "4S" pathway, which includes oxidation, hydrolysis, and re oxidation of sulfur. The organic carbon skeleton is then utilized or converted into other harmless organic substances by microorganisms, thereby achieving the removal of organic sulfur.

常用微生物

Commonly used microorganisms

硫桿菌屬：如氧化亞鐵硫桿菌，嗜酸，能氧化亞鐵離子和還原態硫化物，在煤炭等脫硫中應用廣泛。

Thiobacillus genus: such as ferrous oxidizing thiobacillus, acidophilic, capable of oxidizing ferrous ions and reducing sulfides, widely used in desulfurization of coal and other materials.

假單胞菌屬：如食酸假單胞菌，可利用多種有機硫化合物，對燃油中有機硫脫除有良好效果。

Pseudomonas genus: such as acid eating Pseudomonas, can utilize various organic sulfur compounds and have a good effect on removing organic sulfur from fuel.

紅球菌屬：能特異性地攻擊含硫雜環化合物，在生物脫硫尤其是處理高含硫原油等方面表現出良好的潛力。

Rhodococcus genus: capable of specifically attacking sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, showing great potential in biological desulfurization, especially in the treatment of high sulfur crude oil.

生物脫硫的工藝

The process of biological desulfurization

生物濾池法：含硫廢氣通過裝有生物填料的濾池，廢氣中的硫化物被填料上的微生物吸附、降解。微生物利用廢氣中的硫化物作為能源和硫源，將其轉化為無害的物質。

Biological filter method: Sulfur containing waste gas passes through a filter tank equipped with biological fillers, and the sulfides in the waste gas are adsorbed and degraded by microorganisms on the fillers. Microorganisms utilize sulfides in exhaust gases as energy and sulfur sources, converting them into harmless substances.

生物滴濾法：與生物濾池法類似，但在生物滴濾塔中，循環液不斷滴淋在填料上，為微生物提供更充足的營養和適宜的環境，強化了微生物對硫化物的去除效果。

Biological drip filtration method: Similar to the biological filter method, but in the biological drip filtration tower, the circulating liquid continuously drips onto the packing material, providing more sufficient nutrition and suitable environment for microorganisms, enhancing their removal efficiency of sulfides.

生物洗滌法：含硫廢氣先進入洗滌器，與含有微生物的洗滌液充分接觸，硫化物被洗滌液吸收后，由微生物在液相中進行降解。

Biological washing method: The sulfur-containing exhaust gas first enters the washer and comes into full contact with the washing solution containing microorganisms. After the sulfides are absorbed by the washing solution, they are degraded by microorganisms in the liquid phase.

應用領域

application area 

煤炭脫硫：煤炭燃燒是二氧化硫等含硫污染物的主要來源之一。在煤炭開采和加工過程中，采用生物脫硫技術可以有效降低煤炭中的硫含量，減少燃燒時二氧化硫的排放，降低對大氣的污染。

Coal desulfurization: Coal combustion is one of the main sources of sulfur-containing pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. In the process of coal mining and processing, the use of biological desulfurization technology can effectively reduce the sulfur content in coal, decrease the emission of sulfur dioxide during combustion, and reduce air pollution.

燃油脫硫：隨著環保要求的日益嚴格，對燃油中的硫含量限制越來越低。生物脫硫技術可以在溫和的條件下，選擇性地脫除燃油中的有機硫，提高燃油質量，滿足環保標準。

Fuel desulfurization: With increasingly strict environmental requirements, the limit on sulfur content in fuel is becoming lower and lower. Biological desulfurization technology can selectively remove organic sulfur from fuel under mild conditions, improve fuel quality, and meet environmental standards.

廢氣處理：工業生產中產生的大量含硫廢氣，如硫化氫、二氧化硫等，會對環境和人體健康造成嚴重危害。生物脫硫技術可用于處理這些廢氣，將硫化物轉化為無害的硫酸鹽等物質，實現廢氣的達標排放。

Waste gas treatment: The large amount of sulfur-containing waste gas generated in industrial production, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, etc., can cause serious harm to the environment and human health. Biological desulfurization technology can be used to treat these waste gases, converting sulfides into harmless sulfates and other substances, achieving standard emissions of waste gases.

優缺點

Advantages and disadvantages

優點：生物脫硫通常在常溫常壓下進行，與傳統的物理化學脫硫方法相比，能耗低，設備投資和運行成本相對較低。而且生物脫硫過程中不使用或很少使用化學藥劑，減少了二次污染的風險。微生物具有高度的選擇性和特異性，能夠針對不同類型的含硫化合物進行有效脫除，尤其是對一些傳統方法難以處理的有機硫化合物也有較好的效果。

Advantages: Biological desulfurization is usually carried out at room temperature and pressure. Compared with traditional physical and chemical desulfurization methods, it has low energy consumption, relatively low equipment investment and operating costs. Moreover, the biological desulfurization process does not use or rarely uses chemical agents, reducing the risk of secondary pollution. Microorganisms have high selectivity and specificity, and can effectively remove different types of sulfur-containing compounds, especially for some organic sulfur compounds that are difficult to treat by traditional methods.

缺點：微生物的生長和代謝活動對環境條件非常敏感，如溫度、pH 值、營養物質等，需要嚴格控制反應條件，以保證微生物的活性和脫硫效果。生物脫硫過程中，微生物的反應速率相對較慢，導致脫硫效率可能不如一些傳統的物理化學方法，尤其是在處理高濃度含硫物質時，可能需要較大的設備和較長的停留時間。

Disadvantages: The growth and metabolic activities of microorganisms are highly sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, nutrients, etc., and require strict control of reaction conditions to ensure microbial activity and desulfurization efficiency. In the process of biological desulfurization, the reaction rate of microorganisms is relatively slow, which may result in lower desulfurization efficiency than some traditional physical and chemical methods, especially when dealing with high concentration sulfur-containing substances, which may require larger equipment and longer residence time.

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